© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Contribution |
Bone Marrow Origin of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Responsible for Postnatal Vasculogenesis in Physiological and Pathological Neovascularization
From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Isner, MD, or Takayuki Asahara, MD, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, 736 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02135. E-mail jisner@opal.tufts.edu or asa777{at}aol.com
Abstract—Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated in peripheral blood of adult species. To determine the origin and role of EPCs contributing to postnatal vasculogenesis, transgenic mice constitutively expressing ß-galactosidase under the transcriptional regulation of an endothelial cell–specific promoter (Flk-1/LZ or Tie-2/LZ) were used as transplant donors. Localization of EPCs, indicated by flk-1 or tie-2/lacZ fusion transcripts, were identified in corpus luteal and endometrial neovasculature after inductive ovulation. Mouse syngeneic colon cancer cells (MCA38) were implanted subcutaneously into Flk-1/LZ/BMT (bone marrow transplantation) and Tie-2/LZ/BMT mice; tumor samples harvested at 1 week disclosed abundant flk-1/lacZ and tie-2/lacZ fusion transcripts, and sections stained with X-gal demonstrated that the neovasculature of the developing tumor frequently comprised Flk-1– or Tie-2–expressing EPCs. Cutaneous wounds examined at 4 days and 7 days after skin removal by punch biopsy disclosed EPCs incorporated into foci of neovascularization at high frequency. One week after the onset of hindlimb ischemia, lacZ-positive EPCs were identified incorporated into capillaries among skeletal myocytes. After permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, histological samples from sites of myocardial infarction demonstrated incorporation of EPCs into foci of neovascularization at the border of the infarct. These findings indicate that postnatal neovascularization does not rely exclusively on sprouting from preexisting blood vessels (angiogenesis); instead, EPCs circulate from bone marrow to incorporate into and thus contribute to postnatal physiological and pathological neovascularization, which is consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis.
Key Words: vasculogenesis • endothelial progenitor cell • bone marrow transplantation • Flk-1 • Tie-2
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G. Foteinos, Y. Hu, Q. Xiao, B. Metzler, and Q. Xu Rapid Endothelial Turnover in Atherosclerosis-Prone Areas Coincides With Stem Cell Repair in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 8, 2008; 117(14): 1856 - 1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. F. Alvarez, L. Huang, J. A. King, M. K. ElZarrad, M. C. Yoder, and T. Stevens Lung microvascular endothelium is enriched with progenitor cells that exhibit vasculogenic capacity Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): L419 - L430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Carmona, E. Chavakis, U. Koehl, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Activation of Epac stimulates integrin-dependent homing of progenitor cells Blood, March 1, 2008; 111(5): 2640 - 2646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Duvall, D. Weiss, S. T. Robinson, F. M.F. Alameddine, R. E. Guldberg, and W. R. Taylor The Role of Osteopontin in Recovery from Hind Limb Ischemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2008; 28(2): 290 - 295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Rafii, B. Psaila, J. Butler, D. K. Jin, and D. Lyden Regulation of Vasculogenesis by Platelet-Mediated Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2008; 28(2): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-K. Yip, L.-T. Chang, W.-N. Chang, C.-H. Lu, C.-W. Liou, M.-Y. Lan, J. S. Liu, A. A. Youssef, and H.-W. Chang Level and Value of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients After Acute Ischemic Stroke Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): 69 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Lefevre, S.-E. Michaud, P. Haddad, S. Dussault, C. Menard, J. Groleau, J. Turgeon, and A. Rivard Moderate consumption of red wine (cabernet sauvignon) improves ischemia-induced neovascularization in ApoE-deficient mice: effect on endothelial progenitor cells and nitric oxide FASEB J, December 1, 2007; 21(14): 3845 - 3852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kanayasu-Toyoda, A. Ishii-Watabe, T. Suzuki, T. Oshizawa, and T. Yamaguchi A New Role of Thrombopoietin Enhancing ex Vivo Expansion of Endothelial Precursor Cells Derived from AC133-positive Cells J. Biol. Chem., November 16, 2007; 282(46): 33507 - 33514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Farha, K. Asosingh, D. Laskowski, L. Licina, H. Sekigushi, D. W. Losordo, R. A. Dweik, H. P. Wiedemann, and S. C. Erzurum Pulmonary gas transfer related to markers of angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1789 - 1795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Jost, C. Maillard, J. Lecomte, V. Lambert, M. Tjwa, P. Blaise, M.-L. Alvarez Gonzalez, K. Bajou, S. Blacher, P. Motte, et al. Tumoral and Choroidal Vascularization: Differential Cellular Mechanisms Involving Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type I Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2007; 171(4): 1369 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Masuda, C. Kalka, T. Takahashi, M. Yoshida, M. Wada, M. Kobori, R. Itoh, H. Iwaguro, M. Eguchi, Y. Iwami, et al. Estrogen-Mediated Endothelial Progenitor Cell Biology and Kinetics For Physiological Postnatal Vasculogenesis Circ. Res., September 14, 2007; 101(6): 598 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Shmilovich, V. Deutsch, A. Roth, H. Miller, G. Keren, and J. George Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiac syndrome X Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Morimoto, M. Takahashi, Y. Shiba, A. Izawa, H. Ise, M. Hongo, K. Hatake, K. Motoyoshi, and U. Ikeda Bone Marrow-Derived CXCR4+ Cells Mobilized by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Participate in the Reduction of Infarct Area and Improvement of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction in Mice Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 171(3): 755 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Zaca, S. Rastogi, M. Imai, M. Wang, V. G. Sharov, A. Jiang, S. Goldstein, and H. N. Sabbah Chronic Monotherapy With Rosuvastatin Prevents Progressive Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling in Dogs With Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 551 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schmidt, K. Brixius, and W. Bloch Endothelial Precursor Cell Migration During Vasculogenesis Circ. Res., July 20, 2007; 101(2): 125 - 136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Iwasaki, K. Fukushima, A. Kawamoto, K. Umetani, A. Oyamada, S. Hayashi, T. Matsumoto, M. Ishikawa, T. Shibata, H. Nishimura, et al. Synchrotron Radiation Coronary Microangiography for Morphometric and Physiological Evaluation of Myocardial Neovascularization Induced by Endothelial Progenitor Cell Transplantation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1326 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Invernici, C. Emanueli, P. Madeddu, S. Cristini, S. Gadau, A. Benetti, E. Ciusani, G. Stassi, M. Siragusa, R. Nicosia, et al. Human Fetal Aorta Contains Vascular Progenitor Cells Capable of Inducing Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Myogenesis in Vitro and in a Murine Model of Peripheral Ischemia Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2007; 170(6): 1879 - 1892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-K. Oh, J.-M. Ha, E. O, B. H. Lee, S. K. Lee, B.-S. Shim, Y.-K. Hong, and Y. A. Joe Tumor Angiogenesis Promoted by Ex vivo Differentiated Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Effectively Inhibited by an Angiogenesis Inhibitor, TK1-2 Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4851 - 4859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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