Published online before print October 25, 2001, doi: 10.1161/hh2301.100806
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© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Medicine |
Shear Stress Regulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Through c-Src by Divergent Signaling Pathways
From the Division of Cardiology (M.E.D., H.C., G.R.D., D.G.H.) and the Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program (M.E.D., D.G.H.), Emory University, Atlanta, Ga; and the Atlanta Veterans Hospital Medical Center (M.E.D., H.C., G.R.D., D.G.H.), Atlanta, Ga.
Correspondence to David G. Harrison, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Dr, WMB 319, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail dharr02{at}emory.edu
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Abstract |
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In this study, we defined the signaling cascade responsible for increased eNOS mRNA expression in response to laminar shear stress. This pathway depends on the tyrosine kinase c-Src because shear induction of eNOS mRNA is blocked by the c-Src inhibitors PP1 and PP2, as well as an adenovirus encoding kinase inactive c-Src. After activation of c-Src, this pathway diverges. One arm is responsible for the short-term (6 hour) increase in eNOS mRNA. This involves a transient, 1-hour increase in eNOS transcription, as detected by nuclear run-on, that is dependent on activation of Ras and is blocked by adenoviral infection with dominant negative Ras. Downstream of Ras, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 are important in this pathway, as 2 inhibitors of MEK1/2, PD98059 and UO126, completely prevented this early increase in eNOS mRNA. ERK1/2 was rapidly phosphorylated in response to shear, and this was prevented by c-Src and Ras inhibition. Further, Raf is phosphorylated in response to shear stress, and this is prevented by c-Src inhibition, suggesting that Raf may transduce the signal between Ras and ERK1/2. The second arm of the pathway linking activation of c-Src to eNOS expression involves stabilization of eNOS mRNA by shear stress. This response to shear is completely abrogated by the c-Src inhibitor PP1 but not altered by Ras or MEK1/2 inhibition. Thus, c-Src plays a central role in modulation of eNOS expression in response to shear stress via divergent pathways involving a short-term increase in eNOS transcription and a longer-term stabilization of eNOS mRNA.
Key Words: endothelial nitric oxide synthase • c-Src • ERK1/2 • Raf • mRNA stability
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Introduction |
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When first identified, eNOS was considered a constitutively expressed enzyme. During the past several years, however, it has become evident that its expression is regulated by a variety of stimuli.1 One of the most physiologically important of these is laminar shear stress, the tangential force exerted by flow over the surface of the endothelium. Areas of the vasculature exposed to high shear are protected from the development of atherosclerosis, whereas areas exposed to low shear are prone to atherosclerotic lesion formation.2 It is thought that increases in eNOS caused by shear may contribute to this phenomenon because of the many antiatherogenic properties of nitric oxide (NO·). In vivo, exercise training increases eNOS expression, probably by increasing shear stress.3
To date, the mechanisms linking mechanical forces like laminar shear to gene expression have remained poorly defined. Shear stress is known to activate numerous intracellular signaling molecules, including tyrosine kinases (in particular c-Src), G-proteins, PI-3 kinase, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) extracellular-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase C.4,5 How these interact and relate to increases in eNOS expression remains undefined.
There is also evidence that shear stress may increase activity of the eNOS promoter through transcriptional regulation of the eNOS gene, but this has only been demonstrated using studies of promoter-luciferase constructs.6 To date, there has been no evidence of posttranscriptional regulation of eNOS mRNA by laminar shear stress, although many other stimuli seem to modulate eNOS expression by changing its mRNA stability.7,8
The present study was performed to examine specific mechanisms responsible for increased eNOS expression in response to shear stress. Given the documented effect of shear on activation of c-Src, we began by examining a potential role of this tyrosine kinase. Subsequently, we found that eNOS expression is modulated by a pathway involving c-Src activation of Ras/Raf and ERK1/2 to increase the transcription rate and a pathway dependent on c-Src but independent of Ras/Raf/ERK to increase mRNA half-life.
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Materials and Methods |
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Cell Culture
Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs; Cell Systems, Kirkland, Wash) were cultured in Media 199 (M199; Gibco Laboratories) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, Utah) as described earlier.9 Postconfluent BAECs between passages 4 and 9 were used for experiments.
Shear Apparatus
A cone-in-plate viscometer with a 1° angle was used to shear cells.10 All shear studies used a shear rate of 15 dynes/cm2 and were performed in an incubator at 37°C in 5% CO2. The culture medium was changed to 5% FCS the night before the experiments. Cells were pretreated with the indicated agent in media containing 5% FCS for 1 hour prior to shear.
Assessment of eNOS Expression
Northern analyses and nuclear run-ons were performed as previously described.11
Assessment of MAP Kinase Activation
Western analysis for ERK1/2 was performed using a 1:1000 dilution of a polyclonal antibody against either total or phosphorylated ERK1/2 (New England Biolabs) as well as a 1:5000 dilution of a secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif). Western analysis for Raf was performed using a 1:1000 dilution of either a polyclonal antibody against phosphorylated Raf (New England Biolabs) or a monoclonal antibody against total Raf (Transduction Laboratories) as well as a 1:5000 dilution of a secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody or a goat anti-mouse antibody (Bio-Rad) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase.
Materials
PD98059, UO126, 5,6-dichloro-1-ß-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), and PP2 were obtained from Calbiochem. PP1 was obtained from Biomol. All drugs were dissolved in DMSO and the resulting stock solutions 0.2 µmol/L filtered before use. Adenoviruses containing either the ß-galactosidase cDNA or a cDNA encoding a kinase inactive c-Src were a generous gift of Dr Bradford C. Berk (University of Rochester, NY) and were prepared as described previously.12 The adenovirus containing dominant negative Ras (RasN17) was a generous gift of Dr Craig D. Logsdon (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich) and was amplified in the same manner as c-SrcKI. Estimates of viral titer were determined using absorbance at 260 nm as described previously.13
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Results |
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Laminar Shear Stress Causes an Early Increase in eNOS mRNA Transcription and a Sustained Stabilization of eNOS mRNA
Six hours of laminar shear stress resulted in a 4- to 5-fold increase in eNOS mRNA (Figure 1A). Steady state levels of mRNA are dependent on both the rate of mRNA transcription and decay. To determine if endogenous eNOS gene transcription was increased by shear, cells were sheared for 0 to 6 hours and transcriptional rate was measured using nuclear run-on analyses. At only 1 hour of shear was an increase in eNOS mRNA transcription rate appreciable (Figure 1B); after this, eNOS transcription rate was similar between sheared and nonsheared cells (Figure 1B).
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To examine the effect of shear on eNOS mRNA stability, cells were either exposed to shear or static conditions for 6 hours. After this, the RNA polymerase inhibitor DRB was added to the media and cells harvested for Northern analysis at the times indicated. In unsheared cells, the eNOS mRNA half-life was approximately 5 hours. This value is similar to that previously reported.11 In contrast, laminar shear stress increases the eNOS mRNA half-life by more than 3-fold (Figure 1C).
Role of c-Src in Induction of eNOS mRNA by Shear
Shear stress has been shown to activate the tyrosine kinase c-Src within seconds in a calcium-dependent fashion.12 Because of its role in signaling and mechanical force transduction, we examined the importance of c-Src in induction of eNOS mRNA expression by shear stress. Pretreatment of BAECs for 1 hour with the Src family inhibitors PP1 (10 µmol/L) and PP2 (10 µmol/L) had no effect on baseline eNOS mRNA levels. In contrast, PP2 significantly attenuated and PP1 completely abolished the increase in eNOS mRNA caused by shear (Figure 2A).
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To further address the role of c-Src in modulation of eNOS expression in response to shear, adenoviruses were used to overexpress either ß-galactosidase (ß-gal) or a kinase inactive c-Src (c-SrcKI). For these studies, the virus was diluted (50 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/cell) in serum-free medium and exposed to cells for 2 hours. Serum was then added to achieve a final concentration of 5% and experiments performed 46 hours later. BAECs treated with ß-gal responded to shear by increasing eNOS mRNA by 2.6-fold. In contrast, cells infected with c-SrcKI had no increase in eNOS mRNA in response to shear (Figure 2B). Lower concentrations of the c-SrcKI also inhibited eNOS expression caused by shear, albeit to a lesser extent (data not shown).
Role of c-Src Activation of Raf
It has been shown that c-Src can activate the Raf cascade in other systems.14 We therefore considered the possibility that Raf may be activated by c-Src in response to shear in endothelial cells. Cells were pretreated with either PP1 (10 µmol/L) or media alone for 1 hour and sheared for 15 minutes. Pretreatment with PP1 had no effect on the basal phosphorylation of Raf but completely prevented the shear-induced phosphorylation of Raf to below baseline levels (Figure 3A).
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15 µg were loaded in a 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel. Proteins were then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with antibodies for phospho-specific Raf (A, top) or total Raf (A, middle). Bottom, Grouped densitometric (mean±SEM) data from 4 separate experiments. Asterisks indicate significant differences from shear alone (*P<0.05, Dunnett’s test after 1-way ANOVA). B, Cells were pretreated with lacZ or RasN17 (50 PFU/cell for 48 hours) to inhibit endogenous Ras and then exposed to 15 dynes/cm2 of laminar shear stress for 6 hours. Top, Representative blots for eNOS mRNA; middle, corresponding 28S bands; bottom, grouped densitometric data (mean±SEM) from 4 separate experiments. Asterisks indicate significant difference from shear alone (*P<0.05, Dunnett’s test after 1-way ANOVA).
Role of Ras in eNOS mRNA Induction by Shear
In many cases, Raf and Ras are both required to activate downstream components such as MEK and ERK1/2.15 Because c-Src inhibition prevented Raf phosphorylation, we hypothesized a role for Ras in eNOS mRNA induction by shear. To test this hypothesis, cells were treated with adenoviruses containing either ß-gal or dominant negative Ras (RasN17) in a similar fashion as the c-SrcKI experiments. BAECs treated with the ß-gal adenovirus responded to 6 hours of laminar shear by increasing eNOS mRNA levels about 3.2-fold. Treatment of cells with RasN17, however, completely prevented the increase in eNOS mRNA in response to shear at this early time point (Figure 3B).
Role of ERK1/2 Activation in Regulation of eNOS mRNA Expression
As reported previously,16 we found in preliminary experiments that shear stress resulted in a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2. This occurred as early as 1 minute after onset of shear and peaked at 15 minutes (data not shown). To determine if ERK1/2 activation by shear was dependent on c-Src, cells were pretreated for 1 hour with PP1 (10 µmol/L) and then exposed to shear for 15 minutes. Treatment with PP1 abolished the shear-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but had no effect on basal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or total levels of ERK1/2 (Figure 4A). Further, pretreatment of BAECs for 1 hour with the RasN17 adenovirus resulted in a complete inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas treatment with the lacZ virus did not (Figure 4B).
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Because our data indicate a role of c-Src and Ras/Raf in both eNOS mRNA upregulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by shear stress, we examined the role of ERK1/2 activation in regulation of eNOS mRNA. BAECs were pretreated with either PD98059 or UO126 for 1 hour and were then exposed to shear stress for 6 hours. At this early time point, both PD98059 and UO126 completely abolished the upregulation of eNOS mRNA in response to shear stress without affecting the basal levels (Figure 4C).
Numerous other downstream targets of c-Src have been described that could potentially mediate the effect of laminar shear on eNOS expression. These include p38 MAPK,17 various isoforms of protein kinase C, and PI-3 kinase.18 In preliminary experiments, we found that specific inhibition of these pathways with Wortmanin (100 nmol/L, to inhibit PI-3 kinase), SB202190 (10 µmol/L, to inhibit p38 MAP kinase), and GF109203X (1 µmol/L, to inhibit protein kinase C) had no effect on either the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2 or eNOS mRNA expression (data not shown).
Role of c-Src/Ras/ERK Pathway in Regulation of eNOS Transcription
Our data have shown that eNOS mRNA upregulation by laminar shear stress is in part due to a transient increase in transcription rate. Activation of ERK may result in activation of several transcription factors including SP-119 and AP-1,20 for which numerous binding sites are found in the eNOS promoter.21 To determine if c-Src, Ras, and ERK1/2 regulate eNOS transcription, nuclear run-on analysis was used. Pretreatment of BAECs with the c-Src inhibitor PP1 for 1 hour completely prevented the increase in transcription rate caused by 1 hour of laminar shear stress (Figure 5A). In contrast, pretreatment the lacZ virus did not inhibit the increase in eNOS transcription rate (2.5-fold). In addition, exposure of cells to RasN17 adenovirus completely inhibited the transcriptional increase caused by 1 hour of shear (Figure 5B). Finally, pretreatment of BAECs with PD98059, the MEK1/2 inhibitor completely inhibited eNOS transcription in response to shear stress (Figure 5C). These data indicate that the c-Src/Ras/ERK pathway modulates eNOS mRNA by increasing the rate of transcription of the gene.
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Role of c-Src/Ras/ERK Pathway in Regulation of eNOS mRNA Stability
Our data suggest that a major component of the steady state upregulation of eNOS mRNA by shear stress is the result of prolonged mRNA stabilization. To determine if the pathway that modulates eNOS transcription in response to shear also affects mRNA stability, additional DRB-chase studies were performed. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with the c-Src inhibitor PP1 significantly attenuated the response of shear on eNOS mRNA half-life reducing it from >18 hours to under 10 hours, compared with 6 to 7 hours in static cells (Figure 6A). In contrast, pretreatment of BAECs with either the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 or the RasN17 adenovirus had no effect on eNOS mRNA stabilization by shear stress (Figures 6B and 6C).
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Effect of Long-Term Shear on eNOS Expression During c-Src and MEK1/2 Inhibition
The pervious data suggest that shear activates eNOS transcription transiently, and that this involves a pathway involving Raf/Ras/MEK/ERK but this pathway is not involved in stabilization of the eNOS mRNA. We hypothesized that prolonged shear, in excess of the normal eNOS half-life, would increase steady state levels of eNOS even in the presence of MEK1/2 inhibition. As shown in Figure 7, eNOS mRNA levels were increased 2.6- and 3.8-fold in cells exposed to shear stress for 12 or 18 hours, respectively, even in the presence of PD98059. In contrast, cells exposed to 12 or 18 hours of shear in the presence of PP1 had no change in eNOS mRNA levels.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Although it well established that shear stress upregulates eNOS mRNA and protein expression, the signaling pathways that mediate this response have for the most part remained unidentified. In this study, we identified two pathways involving c-Src that lead to a transient increase in eNOS mRNA transcription and prolongation of the eNOS mRNA half-life. The increase in mRNA transcription is dependent on a pathway involving Raf, Ras, and ERK1/2, whereas the stabilization of eNOS mRNA is independent of these. Thus, c-Src leads to increased eNOS expression in response to shear via 2 divergent pathways, one leading to a transient increased eNOS expression and a second leading to a prolonged stabilization of eNOS message.
Shear stress has been shown to increase transcription of several genes. Many of these genes contain a shear stress response element (SSRE), with the core sequence GAGACC.22 Several such elements are found in the bovine and human eNOS promoter. Of note, as we found in the case of eNOS, the increase in transcription of several other genes in response to shear is very transient.23,24 The prolongation of the eNOS mRNA stability in response to shear therefore seems critical in allowing sustained expression of eNOS in response to shear stress. In many ways, the combination of an early increase in transcription and a prolongation of mRNA stability seems analogous to a loading dose, followed by a maintenance dose of a medication to obtain rapid and sustained levels of a drug. Increased levels of a drug can ultimately be achieved without a loading dose if treatment is sustained for a sufficient length of time. Indeed, in the case of eNOS, we found that prolonged shear stress (18 hours) increased its mRNA levels even when the pathway leading to increased transcription was blocked. On first inspection, these two pathways may seem redundant, but one should not discount the importance of the early increase in transcription. For example, brief episodes of exercise may predominantly increase eNOS expression via the rapid, transcription-mediated pathway.
One of the earliest signaling events in response to laminar shear in the endothelium is activation of tyrosine kinases.25 The tyrosine kinase c-Src is activated within seconds after onset of shear and in turn causes phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase Flk-1.26 Our data strongly implicate c-Src as a mediator of eNOS expression in response to shear stress. Both c-Src inhibitors PP1 and PP2 markedly attenuated the increase in eNOS mRNA in response to shear. Further, treatment with an adenovirus encoding kinase inactive c-Src completely prevented the effect of shear on eNOS expression, without affecting basal levels of eNOS mRNA. Our data do not exclude a role for inhibition of c-Src dephosphorylation. Indeed, shear stress has been shown to alter the endothelial cell redox state and several lines of evidence suggest that redox stress can inhibit tyrosine phosphatases,27 which could in turn augment the effect of c-Src activation. In prior studies, we could not prevent the increase in eNOS expression in response to shear using antioxidants.9
The current experiments strongly suggest a role for Raf and ERK1/2 as being downstream of c-Src in modulation of eNOS mRNA transcription by shear stress. This is similar to many previously described pathways where c-Src has been shown to activate the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade.25,28,29 Inhibition of MEK1/2, the upstream activator of ERK1/2, with PD9805930 and UO12631 completely blocked the shear-induced eNOS mRNA upregulation at 6 hours. We also demonstrated that Raf phosphorylation, a critical step in this process, was prevented by c-Src inhibition with PP1. This pathway, and ERK1/2 in particular, may represent the final component activated by laminar shear stress leading to an increase in eNOS transcription.
Of note, it has been shown that PD98059 and UO126 may also inhibit MEK5 activation in response to epidermal growth factor.32 Further, it has been shown that shear stress can activate MEK5/ERK5 in endothelial cells.33 In order to exclude a role of MEK5/ERK5 in shear induction of eNOS mRNA, cells were treated with a dominant negative MEK5 adenovirus (DNMEK5A, a generous gift of Dr J.D. Lee). Of note, there was a slight increase in basal phosphorylation of ERK5 in the DNMEK5A treated cells. This increase in basal phosphorylation of ERK5 was not associated with an increase in basal eNOS message. Further, the DNMEK5A completely blocked phosphorylation of ERK5 in response to shear. In fact, shear caused a slight decrease in ERK5 phosphorylation in these cells. In spite of this, shear still produced a 2.5-fold increase in eNOS mRNA in DNMEK5A-treated cells that was identical to that observed in control cells infected with only a lacZ virus (data not shown). In addition, shear stress-induced increase in ERK5 phosphorylation has been shown to be insensitive to c-Src inhibition using both PP1 and c-SrcKI.33 Given these results, it is very unlikely that MEK5/ERK5 play a role in regulation of eNOS transcription in response to shear stress.
From our studies, it also appears likely that c-Src activates the MAPK pathway at the Ras/Raf level, and not via cross talk from other pathways. In preliminary studies, we found that inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI-3 kinase had no effect on phosphorylation status of ERK1/2 or eNOS mRNA expression (data not shown). Interestingly, PI-3 kinase has been shown to be important in acute second-to-second regulation of eNOS activity by shear in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.34 Our data, however, suggest that this pathway does not modulate the long-term expression of eNOS mRNA in response to shear.
The mechanisms whereby shear and c-Src modulates eNOS mRNA transcription and stability will require substantial additional study. In preliminary studies, we have found that shear stress increases expression of a chimeric eNOS promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct transfected into BAECs, and that this is completely inhibited by PP1, PD98059, and UO126. This confirms our nuclear run-on analyses and directly demonstrates that shear activates the eNOS promoter in a c-Src- and MEK-dependent fashion. Regulation of mRNA stability is very complex and often involves mRNA/protein interactions. Recently, we have identified 2 cytosolic proteins that bind to the eNOS mRNA 3'untraslated region that act as destabilizing proteins.8,35 In preliminary studies, it does not appear that binding of either of these is regulated by shear stress. Previous reports have described a role of the SH3 domain of c-Src in recruiting mRNA-binding proteins.36–38 However, it is also conceivable that phosphorylation of an mRNA binding protein by c-Src or an upstream effector might alter its activity. Furthermore, it is also possible that this c-Src might modulate expression of relevant RNA binding proteins.
In summary, these studies have identified a crucial role of c-Src in regulation of eNOS expression in response to shear stress. Activation of c-Src seems to lay upstream of 2 divergent pathways, one leading to a transient increase in eNOS transcription and a second leading to prolonged stabilization of eNOS mRNA. These pathways seem complimentary in that they allow for both short- and long-term changes in eNOS mRNA expression. Finally, these data stress the importance of the tyrosine kinase c-Src as a modulator of unidirectional laminar shear stress in the endothelium.
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Acknowledgments |
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The study was supported by NIH grants HL390006 and HL59248, NIH Program Project Grant HL58000, and a Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Grant.
Received December 4, 2000; revision received October 16, 2001; accepted October 16, 2001.
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References |
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G. I. Mun, S. M. An, H. Park, H. Jo, and Y. C. Boo Laminar shear stress inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by high glucose plus arachidonic acid in endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): H1966 - H1973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Yalcin, P. Ulker, U. Yavuzer, H. J. Meiselman, and O. K. Baskurt Nitric oxide generation by endothelial cells exposed to shear stress in glass tubes perfused with red blood cell suspensions: role of aggregation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): H2098 - H2105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Erusalimsky and S. Moncada Nitric Oxide and Mitochondrial Signaling: From Physiology to Pathophysiology Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2524 - 2531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-a Kim, G. Formoso, Y. Li, M. A. Potenza, F. L. Marasciulo, M. Montagnani, and M. J. Quon Epigallocatechin Gallate, a Green Tea Polyphenol, Mediates NO-dependent Vasodilation Using Signaling Pathways in Vascular Endothelium Requiring Reactive Oxygen Species and Fyn J. Biol. Chem., May 4, 2007; 282(18): 13736 - 13745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. V. van Thienen, J. O. Fledderus, R. J. Dekker, J. Rohlena, G. A. van IJzendoorn, N. A. Kootstra, H. Pannekoek, and A. J.G. Horrevoets Shear stress sustains atheroprotective endothelial KLF2 expression more potently than statins through mRNA stabilization Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2006; 72(2): 231 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. R. Santhanam, L. A. Smith, K. A. Nath, and Z. S. Katusic In vivo stimulatory effect of erythropoietin on endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cerebral arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): H781 - H786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. D. Prisby, M. K. Wilkerson, E. M. Sokoya, R. M. Bryan Jr., E. Wilson, and M. D. Delp Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of cerebral arteries is altered with simulated microgravity through nitric oxide synthase and EDHF mechanisms J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2006; 101(1): 348 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Mayr, Y. Zou, Z. Zhang, H. Dietrich, Y. Hu, and Q. Xu Accelerated Arteriosclerosis of Vein Grafts in Inducible NO Synthase-/- Mice Is Related to Decreased Endothelial Progenitor Cell Repair Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 412 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Tzima Role of Small GTPases in Endothelial Cytoskeletal Dynamics and the Shear Stress Response Circ. Res., February 3, 2006; 98(2): 176 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Koshida, P. Rocic, S. Saito, T. Kiyooka, C. Zhang, and W. M. Chilian Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Flow-Induced Dilation of Coronary Arterioles Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2005; 25(12): 2548 - 2553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Magid and P. F. Davies Endothelial Protein Kinase C Isoform Identity and Differential Activity of PKC{zeta} in an Athero-Susceptible Region of Porcine Aorta Circ. Res., September 2, 2005; 97(5): 443 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Polikandriotis, L. J. Mazzella, H. L. Rupnow, and C. M. Hart Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Ligands Stimulate Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production Through Distinct Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}-Dependent Mechanisms Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1810 - 1816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Kojda and R. Hambrecht Molecular mechanisms of vascular adaptations to exercise. Physical activity as an effective antioxidant therapy? Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 187 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Huddleson, N. Ahmad, S. Srinivasan, and J. B Lingrel Induction of KLF2 by Fluid Shear Stress Requires a Novel Promoter Element Activated by a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Chromatin-remodeling Pathway J. Biol. Chem., June 17, 2005; 280(24): 23371 - 23379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Weber, C. H. Hagedorn, D. G. Harrison, and C. D. Searles Laminar Shear Stress and 3' Polyadenylation of eNOS mRNA Circ. Res., June 10, 2005; 96(11): 1161 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Brandes, I. Fleming, and R. Busse Endothelial aging Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 286 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hiyoshi, K. Yayama, M. Takano, and H. Okamoto Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Phosphorylation of eNOS in the Aortas of Mice With 2-Kidney, 1-Clip Hypertension Hypertension, May 1, 2005; 45(5): 967 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K. Wilkerson, L. A. Lesniewski, E. M. Golding, R. M. Bryan Jr., A. Amin, E. Wilson, and M. D. Delp Simulated microgravity enhances cerebral artery vasoconstriction and vascular resistance through endothelial nitric oxide mechanism Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1652 - H1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Connelly, M. Madhani, and A. J. Hobbs Resistance to Endotoxic Shock in Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase (eNOS) Knock-out Mice: A PRO-INFLAMMATORY ROLE FOR eNOS-DERIVED NO IN VIVO J. Biol. Chem., March 18, 2005; 280(11): 10040 - 10046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Lauer, T. Suvorava, U. Ruther, R. Jacob, W. Meyer, D. G. Harrison, and G. Kojda Critical involvement of hydrogen peroxide in exercise-induced up-regulation of endothelial NO synthase Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2005; 65(1): 254 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. B. Beleslin-Cokic, V. P. Cokic, X. Yu, B. B. Weksler, A. N. Schechter, and C. T. Noguchi Erythropoietin and hypoxia stimulate erythropoietin receptor and nitric oxide production by endothelial cells Blood, October 1, 2004; 104(7): 2073 - 2080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Ashton and J. A. Ware Thromboxane A2 Receptor Signaling Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Endothelial Cell Differentiation and Migration Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 372 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-W. Xu, K. Ikeda, and Y. Yamori Upregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Cyanidin-3-Glucoside, a Typical Anthocyanin Pigment Hypertension, August 1, 2004; 44(2): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Landmesser, B. Hornig, and H. Drexler Endothelial Function: A Critical Determinant in Atherosclerosis? Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21_suppl_1): II-27 - II-33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Zhang, J. Cheng, N. R. Hackett, G. Lam, K. Shido, R. Pergolizzi, D. K. Jin, R. G. Crystal, and S. Rafii Adenovirus E4 Gene Promotes Selective Endothelial Cell Survival and Angiogenesis via Activation of the Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin/Akt Signaling Pathway J. Biol. Chem., March 19, 2004; 279(12): 11760 - 11766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Cotter, N. v. O. Sweeney, P. M. Coen, Y. A. Birney, M. J. Glucksman, P. A. Cahill, and P. M. Cummins Regulation of Endopeptidases EC3.4.24.15 and EC3.4.24.16 in Vascular Endothelial Cells by Cyclic Strain: Role of Gi Protein Signaling Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2004; 24(3): 457 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. E. Davis, I. M. Grumbach, T. Fukai, A. Cutchins, and D. G. Harrison Shear Stress Regulates Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Promoter Activity through Nuclear Factor {kappa}B Binding J. Biol. Chem., January 2, 2004; 279(1): 163 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. K. Baskurt, O. Yalcin, S. Ozdem, J. K. Armstrong, and H. J. Meiselman Modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by red blood cell aggregation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H222 - H229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Rubin, T. C. Murphy, L. Zhu, E. Roy, M. S. Nanes, and X. Fan Mechanical Strain Differentially Regulates Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase and Receptor Activator of Nuclear {kappa}B Ligand Expression via ERK1/2 MAPK J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2003; 278(36): 34018 - 34025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. C. Boo and H. Jo Flow-dependent regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: role of protein kinases Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): C499 - C508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Magid, T. J. Murphy, and Z. S. Galis Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Endothelial Cells Is Differentially Regulated by Shear Stress: ROLE OF c-Myc J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 2003; 278(35): 32994 - 32999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. L. Boyd, H. Park, H. Yi, Y. C. Boo, G. P. Sorescu, M. Sykes, and H. Jo Chronic shear induces caveolae formation and alters ERK and Akt responses in endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 7, 2003; 285(3): H1113 - H1122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Illi, S. Nanni, A. Scopece, A. Farsetti, P. Biglioli, M. C. Capogrossi, and C. Gaetano Shear Stress-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling Provides Molecular Basis for Flow-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression Circ. Res., July 25, 2003; 93(2): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Hambrecht, V. Adams, S. Erbs, A. Linke, N. Krankel, Y. Shu, Y. Baither, S. Gielen, H. Thiele, J.F. Gummert, et al. Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3152 - 3158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Harris, M. A. Blackstone, H. Ju, V. J. Venema, and R. C. Venema Heat-induced increases in endothelial NO synthase expression and activity and endothelial NO release Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H333 - H340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Davis, H. Cai, L. McCann, T. Fukai, and D. G. Harrison Role of c-Src in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression during exercise training Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1449 - H1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Mineo, I. S. Yuhanna, M. J. Quon, and P. W. Shaul High Density Lipoprotein-induced Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Activation Is Mediated by Akt and MAP Kinases J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 2003; 278(11): 9142 - 9149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Cai, Z. Li, M. E. Davis, W. Kanner, D. G. Harrison, and S. C. Dudley Jr. Akt-Dependent Phosphorylation of Serine 1179 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Cooperatively Mediate Activation of the Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase by Hydrogen Peroxide Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2003; 63(2): 325 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Cai, Z. Li, A. Goette, F. Mera, C. Honeycutt, K. Feterik, J. N. Wilcox, S. C. Dudley Jr, D. G. Harrison, and J. J. Langberg Downregulation of Endocardial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Nitric Oxide Production in Atrial Fibrillation: Potential Mechanisms for Atrial Thrombosis and Stroke Circulation, November 26, 2002; 106(22): 2854 - 2858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Rossig, H. Li, B. Fisslthaler, C. Urbich, I. Fleming, U. Forstermann, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylation Downregulate the Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Compromise Endothelial Cell Function in Vasorelaxation and Angiogenesis Circ. Res., November 1, 2002; 91(9): 837 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Abumiya, T. Sasaguri, Y. Taba, Y. Miwa, and M. Miyagi Shear Stress Induces Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Flk-1/KDR Through the CT-Rich Sp1 Binding Site Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2002; 22(6): 907 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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